September 4, 2012

Aristotle's "Involuntary Actions"

I have struggled time and time again with Aristotle's first kind of "involuntary actions," under compulsion. Aristotle first defines a "compulsory action" as any case where the cause of the action lies in things outside the agent, and when the agent contributes nothing (121). I am sure of the definition of compulsion (the act of compelling; constraint; coercion) but I very much struggled with Aristolte's notion that a compulsory act is when an agent plays no role in the act. How can that be? Even if someone is "forced" to do something by penalty of death, they still have the choice to not commit the action they are being "forced" to do. How can an agent not play a role in a circumstance in which an action is committed. I can understand if you are standing next to your mom's favorite vase, the window happens to be open and the wind catches the vase and knocks it to the floor, shattering it. In that case, a natural force, not you, the agent, is responsible. Aristotle offers the case of "intrinsically involuntary" action are committed, when one acts but the circumstance prompts voluntary action. He says that in these cases, the action is approximated more into the voluntary class, like the act of choosing to commit a crime rather than face death. If most, if not all by estimation, "compulsory actions" fall under this category, how can they be defined by anything other than a voluntary action? An agent has every right to choose the alternative action, even if that right is threatened to be taken away from him or her, because in reality, that right cannot be taken.

Aristotle goes on to offer an alternative definition of "compulsory." He defines it as acts done for the sake of pleasure or for noble objects, and says that that makes every act compulsory. If there is even a chance that this definition, this distinction can be made in regards to "compulsory action" then there is clear evidence, at least to me, that "compulsory actions" are indeed voluntary. If someone chooses to murder someone else to save themselves from being murdered, that person has made the conscious choice, given all the consequences of their choice, and voluntarily chose to commit murder. When one is informed about the decision, any choice they make or action they commit after the fact is a voluntary action.


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